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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their (at 25 °C 77 °F, 100 kPa).N ( Y N?)Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a, a type of, found in, leaves, and other. The chemical formula of gallic acid is 6 2 3COOH. It is found both free and as part of. The gallic acid groups are usually bonded to form such as. Hydrolyzable tannins break down on hydrolysis to give gallic acid and or ellagic acid and glucose, known as and, respectively.Gallic acid forms intermolecular esters such as and, and cyclic ether-esters.Gallic acid is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as a for determining the content of various analytes by the; results are reported in gallic acid equivalents. Gallic acid can also be used as a starting material in the synthesis of the psychedelic alkaloid.The name is derived from, which were historically used to prepare. Despite the name, gallic acid does not contain.
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And of gallic acid are termed 'gallates'. Contents.Historical context and uses Gallic acid is an important component of, the standard European writing and drawing ink from the 12th to 19th centuries, with a history extending to the Roman empire and the.
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(23-79 AD) describes the use of gallic acid as a means of detecting an adulteration of and writes that it was used to produce dyes. Galls (also known as oak apples) from oak trees were crushed and mixed with water, producing tannic acid.
It could then be mixed with (ferrous sulfate) — obtained by allowing sulfate-saturated water from a spring or mine drainage to evaporate — and from acacia trees; this combination of ingredients produced the ink.Gallic acid was one of the substances used by (1782–1854), among other early investigators of, to clear the top layer of text off and reveal hidden manuscripts underneath. Mai was the first to employ it, but did so 'with a heavy hand', often rendering manuscripts too damaged for subsequent study by other researchers.Gallic acid was first studied by the Swedish chemist in 1786. In 1818, French chemist and pharmacist (1780–1855) devised a simpler method of purifying gallic acid from galls; gallic acid was also studied by the French chemist (1807–1867), among others.Gallic acid is a component of some. Metabolism Biosynthesis. Chemical structure of 3,5-didehydroshikimateGallic acid is formed from by the action of the enzyme to produce 3,5-didehydroshikimate. This latter compound to form the redox equivalent gallic acid, where the equilibrium lies essentially entirely toward gallic acid because of the coincidentally occurring. Degradation is an enzyme found in that catalyses the reactiongallate + O 2 → (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate.is another enzyme in the degradation of gallic acid.Conjugation is an enzyme that uses UDP-glucose and gallate, whereas its two products are UDP and 1-galloyl-beta-D-glucose.Research It is a weak.
One study indicated that gallic acid has an effect on formation by modifying the properties of alpha-, a protein associated with the onset of.Gallic acid is classified as a and a. Natural occurrence Gallic acid is found in a number of, such as the, the, and the blue-green. Gallic acid is also found in various oak species, and in the stem bark of, among others. Many foodstuffs contain various amounts of gallic acid, especially fruits (including strawberries, grapes, bananas), as well as, cloves,. Carob fruit is a rich source of gallic acid (24-165 mg per 100 g).
Production Gallic acid is easily freed from by acidic or alkaline. When gallic acid is heated with concentrated, is produced by condensation. Oxidation with arsenic acid, permanganate, persulfate, or iodine yields, as does reaction of methyl gallate with. Spectral data :220, 271 (ethanol).
Spectrum of gallic acid(log ε)Major absorption bandsν: 3491, 3377, 1703, 1617, 1539, 1453, 1254 cm −1 (KBr)(acetone-d6):d: doublet, dd: doublet of doublets,m: multiplet, s: singlet:7.15 (2H, s, H-3 and H-7)(acetone-d6)::167.39 (C-1),144.94 (C-4 and C-6),137.77 (C-5),120.81 (C-2),109.14 (C-3 and C-7)Other NMR dataMasses ofmain fragmentsESI-MS M-H- m/z: 169.0137 ms/ms (iontrap)@35 CE m/z product 125(100), 81(.
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